tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-70746810453405937182024-03-14T01:22:28.493-07:00X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Photographic Materials Tales of handheld XRF analysis of photographs at Gawain Weaver Art ConservationGawainhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08372910093486243022noreply@blogger.comBlogger12125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-25084201188882209802013-04-25T12:13:00.002-07:002013-04-25T12:13:34.295-07:00Stabilization and Gold Toning in Salt Prints<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Salt
prints were first produced by William Henry Fox Talbot in 1834, and this
photographic process was the first documented image produced from light and
permanently fixed upon paper. Salt prints became more commonly used from
the late 1830s to the mid 1860s. Talbot was a scientist, chemist and
mathematician who – frustrated by the camera lucida and his inadequate drawing
skills – turned to scientific means of producing imagery. His work
was not only a major contribution to the Royal Society (a scientific
organization to which he belonged), but also inspired the groundwork for future
photographers, scientists, and other professionals for centuries. In the
early 1840s, improvements to his process became referred to as calotypes. The
word calotype comes from the Greek word kalos meaning beautiful.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><span style="font-size: small;">Salt printing is a two-step process: first the
paper is coated with sodium chloride and then – after the paper has dried – it
is coated with silver nitrate. These
solutions combine to form silver chloride and sodium nitrate. Traditionally, this printing-out process requires a contact printing frame to expose the image. When exposed to light, the silver chloride dissociates
and releases particles of metallic silver. The metallic silver binds to the surface of the paper fibers to form an image. Salted paper prints are matte and can exhibit a broad range of hues including golden-yellow, reddish-brown, and purple tones. The hues result from differences in paper sizing, light exposure sources, humidity, and washing/toning methods.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqExbKh-iPRjY5mSJq7b2nKqRk3o34-gR0gh74cjOWL7gMZEN3jsuGTIJg3kZIDpSaIKXFrtZrp18plnHP-kMzeJnVwf4w0ew-XS1gTzZcERCyWhDuOtd4ij1ctOFVoNbFUbGlqwZIwm78/s1600/Salt-Print_TEETER).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="248" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjqExbKh-iPRjY5mSJq7b2nKqRk3o34-gR0gh74cjOWL7gMZEN3jsuGTIJg3kZIDpSaIKXFrtZrp18plnHP-kMzeJnVwf4w0ew-XS1gTzZcERCyWhDuOtd4ij1ctOFVoNbFUbGlqwZIwm78/s400/Salt-Print_TEETER).jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">These two 8"x10" salted paper prints are photograms produced by Keara Teeter in the spring of 2013 at Gawain Weaver Art Conservation.</span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;">The prints above were produced on uncoated Bergger COT-320 paper. To ensure sharper results, gelatin sizing was used in the salt solution. Sizing prevents the metallic silver from sinking too far into paper fibers. <span style="line-height: 115%;">The metallic – or reduced – silver does not react to light, but free silver
halides will continue reacting if
not stabilized, toned, or fixed. </span>The golden photogram was washed in a sodium chloride stabilizaton solution (Talbot's stabilization method) and the purple photogram was toned using gold chloride (published by Jean-Baptiste Gustav Le Gray in 1850). Talbot's stabilization process does not remove silver halides, but it makes them far less susceptible to light. Gold toning effectively removes free silver halides.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>By analyzing the two prints with x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, it is possible to see the differences between their chemical compositions. Both the stabilized print and gold toned print were analyzed at 45 kV and 34.00 µA with the green filter. The spectra appear different as a result of the significant change in the height of silver (Ag) peaks. </span><br />
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<span style="font-family: inherit;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Kb8jJbVoj3WlBQL2gT3PSSiB57w1EQFWWW06fOXkoPALRorSaGDwnPl6hs9lq8-IkAq2NT8427z6_QDal-hQsKHzBW-DTjtP6AwvwEeqoupixHye-1v2nmvZ0Ve-N9JpY2-ukm6_QhZ-/s1600/GWAC_22032013_Dmax-Dmin_salt-print_TEETERphotogram(stabilized)_green-filter_300sec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6Kb8jJbVoj3WlBQL2gT3PSSiB57w1EQFWWW06fOXkoPALRorSaGDwnPl6hs9lq8-IkAq2NT8427z6_QDal-hQsKHzBW-DTjtP6AwvwEeqoupixHye-1v2nmvZ0Ve-N9JpY2-ukm6_QhZ-/s640/GWAC_22032013_Dmax-Dmin_salt-print_TEETERphotogram(stabilized)_green-filter_300sec.jpg" width="640" /></a><br /></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The first two spectra compare sections of a single print, and thus, these spectra compare the prints to each other indirectly. The spectrum above is comparing maximum (red) and minimum (blue) densities for the stabilized print, and the spectrum below is comparing maximum and minimum densities for the gold toned print. The stabilized print exhibits large silver (Ag) peaks in both the maximum and minimum densities. The gold (Au) peak is identified here only as a comparison to the gold toned spectra. In the gold toned print, the minimum density gold and silver peaks are significantly shorter than the maximum density peaks for the same elements. Nickel (Ni) and rhodium (Rh) peaks are generated by the instrument.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgZKvrYkI8RuT9IqO7VPg-e6C12xAhyphenhyphenvKo-t01U7k0IMLYxRtrlFwvmngRovzMjhlzGvEZCR7Tx6EEMMewXIIzh61pK3IZxSPqqxPWRo9wNA6QhjDAccvJtvTOtbeHbsRnGMabZreWbfRg/s1600/GWAC_22032013_Dmax-Dmin_salt-print_TEETERphotogram(Au-toned)_green-filter_300sec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgZKvrYkI8RuT9IqO7VPg-e6C12xAhyphenhyphenvKo-t01U7k0IMLYxRtrlFwvmngRovzMjhlzGvEZCR7Tx6EEMMewXIIzh61pK3IZxSPqqxPWRo9wNA6QhjDAccvJtvTOtbeHbsRnGMabZreWbfRg/s640/GWAC_22032013_Dmax-Dmin_salt-print_TEETERphotogram(Au-toned)_green-filter_300sec.jpg" width="640" /></a></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;">The final two spectra are comparing the prints directly to each other. The first spectrum compares the maximum density of the stabilized print (blue) to the maximum density of the gold toned print (red). The second spectrum compares the minimum density of the stabilized print (blue) to the minimum density of the gold toned print (red).<br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOMBbw80EJ7xoZJi0pQ3_PZMFXFpCFaVX07_QYEcXpJEv-6612EJ_3da56aG62-qwxwI0ve1AFLFkslqW-BQkUiKTKHcSsY4sNRpVg7NnFOj_BWYfv49JORkU49lKw2ARBTioVvyy4AOIL/s1600/GWAC_22032013_Dmax-Dmin_salt-print_TEETERphotogram(Stabilized=Blue,-Au-toned=Red)_green-filter_300sec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiOMBbw80EJ7xoZJi0pQ3_PZMFXFpCFaVX07_QYEcXpJEv-6612EJ_3da56aG62-qwxwI0ve1AFLFkslqW-BQkUiKTKHcSsY4sNRpVg7NnFOj_BWYfv49JORkU49lKw2ARBTioVvyy4AOIL/s640/GWAC_22032013_Dmax-Dmin_salt-print_TEETERphotogram(Stabilized=Blue,-Au-toned=Red)_green-filter_300sec.jpg" width="516" /></a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="line-height: 115%;">References:</span></u></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Barnier,
John, ed. <i>Coming Into Focus</i>. San
Francisco: Chronicle Books, 2000.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Farber,
Richard. <i>Historic Photographic Processes: A Guide to Creating Handmade
Photographic Images</i>. New York:
Allsworth Press, 1998.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Kennel,
Sarah, Diane Waggoner, and Alice Carver-Kubik.
<i>In the Darkroom: An Illustrated
Guide to Photographic Processes before the Digital Age</i>. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2009.</span></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Young,
Ellie. <i>The Salt Print Manual</i>.
Victoria: Gold Street Studios, 2011.</span></span><span style="font-size: small;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12532251832322385798noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-46451212521703640652013-02-18T13:01:00.003-08:002013-02-18T13:01:48.026-08:00Examining a tintype from Des Moines, Iowa<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ChY6u2vshGpCYdB9Kj2i7oFtFGWwRF_knpD3ddQGC5vs3Ygx7iHwjr2_6ZhN8_q9EMQyNpbI3KR8N2CXL68pFgpSI6PwOmQSYBUZ-Qew5ze_Fk7IHdD-lPHc2PLSFl-KP3uQIdKz8lVZ/s1600/Tintype_Prom_Front&Reverse.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3ChY6u2vshGpCYdB9Kj2i7oFtFGWwRF_knpD3ddQGC5vs3Ygx7iHwjr2_6ZhN8_q9EMQyNpbI3KR8N2CXL68pFgpSI6PwOmQSYBUZ-Qew5ze_Fk7IHdD-lPHc2PLSFl-KP3uQIdKz8lVZ/s320/Tintype_Prom_Front&Reverse.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The
tintype depicted above was produced during the mid-to-late nineteenth century
by a studio photographer in Des Moines, Iowa.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>As with other case images (the daguerreotype and ambrotype),
tintypes such as this were frequently hand-colored and displayed within a mat or frame.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The tintype process was discovered by Hamilton
Smith in 1854.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Smith was a chemistry
professor at Kenyon College, and two students of the college became manufacturing competitors after the process was patented in 1856.
<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The first student, Peter Neff, shared in the patent rights and
was the original manufacturer of the “melainotype”.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The second student, Victor Griswold, began producing the “ferrotype” after the process gained popularity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Melaino”
means dark or black (referring to the varnish coating the support) and “ferro” refers to iron (the metal support itself).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>These terms were used <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">interchangeably</span> and both provide a more accurate description of the process than the term “tintype.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rather than using tin, an iron plate is used as the metal support and coated in
black japanned varnish. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>This plate is first coated with black japanned varnish, then coated with collodion, immersed in a bath of silver nitrate, and exposed, and finally developed in progallic acid.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">The spectrum below identifies the iron (Fe) peak from the metal support and the silver (Ag) peak from the particles suspended in collodion. Iron has a higher peak for maximum density (red) and lower peak for minimum density (blue) as expected. The silver (magnified in the upper right corner) displays a higher peak for minimum density and a lower peak for maximum density. The silver peaks are inversed because </span>– as with ambrotypes – the photograph produced is actually a negative image (because it is developed on a dark surface, however, it appears as if positive to the viewer).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> The maximum and minimum density readings from the Des Moines tintype were taken from the top and bottom edges respectively. These edges were selected, rather than the center, to prevent the instrument from analyzing the paper label adhered to the backside.</span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZX-mzNLvEfMWkTEq7uqlYxrYh-Mh-9QoUxDu2z5Uo9BJnpBovjRBjmMTsEVg0dGTF0e0YJqTYZEUvR5dMGZJrCyUPSjXApIMJVJCeiETdLmXT86getI3Y18yfDybpa2pj5hw_Ybb5wdk/s1600/GWAC_14022013_Dmax-Dmin-Overlay-(with-Ag-magnified).jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlZX-mzNLvEfMWkTEq7uqlYxrYh-Mh-9QoUxDu2z5Uo9BJnpBovjRBjmMTsEVg0dGTF0e0YJqTYZEUvR5dMGZJrCyUPSjXApIMJVJCeiETdLmXT86getI3Y18yfDybpa2pj5hw_Ybb5wdk/s640/GWAC_14022013_Dmax-Dmin-Overlay-(with-Ag-magnified).jpg" width="640" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Because this process was more cost-effective than a daguerreotype, less fragile than
an ambrotype, and relatively quick to develop, tintypes became quite
popular within the United States.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The tintype never did become influential in European countries. But, after
the carte-de-visite became popular overseas,
tintypes in the United States started being mounted in albums and on cards. </span></span></span>A second major contributor to the long-term success of this photographic process was the rise of the American Civil War. W</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">orking class families wanted to have their
loved ones photographed before they left for war and could afford the price of a tintype.</span> </span></span> </span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The demand for
tintypes had decreased immensely </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">by the 1870s</span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
major downfall of the tintype was its flat appearance.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since the highlights are never
completely white, the images lack the luster and <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">vibrancy</span> of other photographs. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The
tintype continued being produced as novelty images until manufacturers discontinued its production in the 1930s.</span>
<br />
<br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><u>References</u>:</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kennel,
Sarah, Diane Waggoner, and Alice Carver-Kubik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Mace, O.
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Taft,
Robert.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Photograph and the American Scene</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12532251832322385798noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-43371961381312824042013-02-07T15:32:00.000-08:002013-02-07T15:34:55.094-08:00Spectral analysis of two gelatin silver prints: from negative to final product<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The earliest record of an individual using
gelatin in photography was Niepce in 1847.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>He and many others were not initially successful.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>When gelatin first became successfully
employed, it was used merely to coat and preserve collodion plates.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Over time, gelatin silver printing became
an independent photographic process and lead to the disuse of
collodion altogether.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Since the late nineteenth century, gelatin silver prints have become and remain the most common black-and-white photographic
process. </span></span></span><br />
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSzDTjMiHamKTPIINg-DmIsPgDFcjJyMafGn243PRsWCbujdk3VAJC6OqrPiBTnhnSeC6HoL7CXU5K5sFff-NEWZuP2nf2tVI6v3uvnE_DJveOQIqGKvQSVPTZFJitVyoAMhcfAs4MZ6Y7/s1600/GSP_TEETER_LegionofHonorSF.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="230" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSzDTjMiHamKTPIINg-DmIsPgDFcjJyMafGn243PRsWCbujdk3VAJC6OqrPiBTnhnSeC6HoL7CXU5K5sFff-NEWZuP2nf2tVI6v3uvnE_DJveOQIqGKvQSVPTZFJitVyoAMhcfAs4MZ6Y7/s400/GSP_TEETER_LegionofHonorSF.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This photograph was taken by Keara Teeter in fall 2011 at the California Palace of the Legion of Honor in San Francisco. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">The Legion of Honor negative (above) is composed of a thin layer of gelatin emulsion and a</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> thick polyester base</span></span></span></span>. </span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The text on the perforated edges says “Kodak
400TX” designating it was manufactured Kodak Professional Tri-X 400 film. By looking at the presence of silver (Ag) in the spectrum (below), one can discern a significant difference between maximum and minimum density readings. The silver is dispersed within the gelatin emulsion of the negative. The nickel (Ni) and rhodium (Rh) peaks for all spectra can be disregarded because they are generated by the instrument.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><br />
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzamaBHP8eJiZHfGfzitNW93-5CiDNFh3POg9pETzRFEB12UzKAhuzRsXd_CJFfjjajia3I_CvIORV4egouS6LELL1_wlJk-2FniVlP5g35G9GppNUh4KmdlgluAYJ-D1ucVzOYmb30E6u/s1600/GWAC_28122012_Dmax-Dmin_GSP(TEETER-Negative)_001-(2).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzamaBHP8eJiZHfGfzitNW93-5CiDNFh3POg9pETzRFEB12UzKAhuzRsXd_CJFfjjajia3I_CvIORV4egouS6LELL1_wlJk-2FniVlP5g35G9GppNUh4KmdlgluAYJ-D1ucVzOYmb30E6u/s640/GWAC_28122012_Dmax-Dmin_GSP(TEETER-Negative)_001-(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The Legion of Honor print (above) was developed using fiber paper and toned using an indirect sepia toner. </span><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Indirect toning requires two
steps but usually produces a final product in less time than direct toning<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The first step is to immerse the print in a solution
which “bleaches” the image by converting the silver metal to a silver
halide.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>After briefly washing the print
under running water, the second step involves immersing the bleached image in a
redeveloping solution. This solution rejuvenates the image density with a sepia color. In the spectrum (below), the silver peaks again indicate there is a different concentration of silver in the maximum density reading than in the minimum density reading. Because this print was developed on fiber-based paper, the barium (Ba) and sulfur (S) peaks are also visible. Barium
sulfate (<span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">BaSO<sub>4</sub></span>) is found in the baryta coating on the fiber paper. A baryta coating covers the fibrous texture of the paper in preparation for the emulsion layer. A strontium (Sr) peak is present because this element forms compounds with barium.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjTE8gCUjagpUqKcqURIg_obQzRqVAzpTalH2MpJyX_PSIfYbIU3Uo5ztRMoHIbIXFelxOE4qhybGkjt8dvNCpc-oHfMSGqHKN-Z_INaLkELvX7wLUzrTSNBnLAzKsMMBmQQ8bH9O7-ym/s1600/GWAC_712013_DmaxDmin_GSP(TEETER-sepia-toned-FB)_001_Blue-Filter_300sec.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrjTE8gCUjagpUqKcqURIg_obQzRqVAzpTalH2MpJyX_PSIfYbIU3Uo5ztRMoHIbIXFelxOE4qhybGkjt8dvNCpc-oHfMSGqHKN-Z_INaLkELvX7wLUzrTSNBnLAzKsMMBmQQ8bH9O7-ym/s640/GWAC_712013_DmaxDmin_GSP(TEETER-sepia-toned-FB)_001_Blue-Filter_300sec.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">The second example is of a negative and gelatin silver print on resin-coated (RC) paper. Resin-coated paper was developed in the
1960s for military purposes.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This
paper was more time efficient and appealed to their need for rapid processing
during sensitive operations.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>This paper
is capable of producing an image more quickly than fiber-based paper because
the resin layers (consisting of pigmented polyethylene on the emulsion side and
clear polyethylene on the reverse) encapsulate the paper fibers. This polyethylene
barrier prevents the paper fibers from absorbing liquid and allows the surface to wash and dry in shorter time intervals.</span> <span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"></span>The Dominican University (below) print underwent a direct selenium toning process. Selenium toning tends to darken prints and heighten image contrast.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"> </span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcfxZ-FT7x6XV80ED7TFuUURNnDHFDBRS44x-xNiiKAQEy6oBORcaA_grpX9Y_5JFZRgmsXFP2LEWI_y-NBNfyGcohxGXrWUId0_YZiG8_bHF-cK3fglfz7lawW7kNozey-sJTm_2v-KL8/s1600/GSP_TEETER_LysiNeg&Print.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgcfxZ-FT7x6XV80ED7TFuUURNnDHFDBRS44x-xNiiKAQEy6oBORcaA_grpX9Y_5JFZRgmsXFP2LEWI_y-NBNfyGcohxGXrWUId0_YZiG8_bHF-cK3fglfz7lawW7kNozey-sJTm_2v-KL8/s400/GSP_TEETER_LysiNeg&Print.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">This photograph was taken by Keara Teeter in fall 2011 at Dominican University of California in San Rafael. </span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiLCJT8jAMjHev4DhH-kIYvnxT2eiAwXLlYHJvkTc9McYPyrzwLYaDkdVlF33xRk69PRvTy-DioSSXG-qv2LE_qPUTs_HvFx4U70gBHNHyb5mQje9s91ipbAq8c1yU4fHnOZzeBQz1ce65/s1600/GWAC_28122012_Dmax-Dmin_GSP(TEETER-Negative)_002-(2).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjiLCJT8jAMjHev4DhH-kIYvnxT2eiAwXLlYHJvkTc9McYPyrzwLYaDkdVlF33xRk69PRvTy-DioSSXG-qv2LE_qPUTs_HvFx4U70gBHNHyb5mQje9s91ipbAq8c1yU4fHnOZzeBQz1ce65/s640/GWAC_28122012_Dmax-Dmin_GSP(TEETER-Negative)_002-(2).jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><br /></span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQT1BSg9aGxrzAED87hGrTxjonq0I8p4OD2mZUkEHsCLfRhnSGaHvZC3CsXwvWnUY3Ks1iJYKDyjwKF53b5Ri4ikXeKif8ZENDta2xjuzZhTPlsjJOMDyicyskeRcQgNCMSV2iyvGznmuc/s1600/GWAC_712013_DmaxDmin_GSP%2528TEETER-selenium-toned-RC%2529_002_Black-Filter_300sec%255Bedited%255D.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="384" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhQT1BSg9aGxrzAED87hGrTxjonq0I8p4OD2mZUkEHsCLfRhnSGaHvZC3CsXwvWnUY3Ks1iJYKDyjwKF53b5Ri4ikXeKif8ZENDta2xjuzZhTPlsjJOMDyicyskeRcQgNCMSV2iyvGznmuc/s640/GWAC_712013_DmaxDmin_GSP%2528TEETER-selenium-toned-RC%2529_002_Black-Filter_300sec%255Bedited%255D.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">As before, both spectrum of the negative and the final print demonstrate significant differences between maximum and minimum </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">silver (Ag) densities. For the resin-coated print, however, does not show barium (Ba), sulfur (S), or strontium (Sr) peaks as seen previously in the fiber-based print. Instead, the resin-coated print shows titanium (Ti), zinc (Zn), and tin (Sn) peaks. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>The titanium and zinc peaks are consistent with the presence of titanium dioxide and zinc oxide pigments in the resin.</div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;"><u>References</u>: </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Eaton,
George T.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Photo Chemistry in
black-and-white and color photography.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Rochester:
Eastman Kodak Company, 1957.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Hammond,
Arthur.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">How to Tone Prints</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Boston:
American Photographic Publishing Co., 1946.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Harrison,
William Jerome.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">A History of Photography</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>New York: Scovill Manufacturing Company, 1887.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Kennel, Sarah,
Diane Waggoner, and Alice Carver-Kubik.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">In the Darkroom: An Illustrated Guide to
Photographic Processes before the Digital Age</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2009.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">“Kodak
Professional Tri-X 320 and 400 Films.” <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Eastman
Kodak Company</i> No. F-4017 (2007): 1-16.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: .5in; tab-stops: 4.5pt; text-indent: -.5in;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Sheppard,
S. E.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gelatin in Photography</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Rochester: Eastman Kodak Company, 1923.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Tan,
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi;">Wall,
E.J. and Franklin I. Jordan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Photographic Facts and Formulas</i>.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Garden City: American Photographic Book
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<br />
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12532251832322385798noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-55156516926241767392013-01-31T09:30:00.000-08:002013-05-06T11:34:12.545-07:00Arsenic compounds in taxidermy collections<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdNjryiRpB_Sp_diRNVh_v_EkuBBnQNXvQTB5AwEhYk16rmxa_dzp7DtirOJvwKjzt1ntWI9S5CfbRtY9oGwL5rB3mIz-Jpg7LnDnREQe43I4mI2bxvL1e1x4y9rDrdnIV7Aiq2E6bvEQS/s1600/Gawain_taxidermy+arsenic+XRF+images_02.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdNjryiRpB_Sp_diRNVh_v_EkuBBnQNXvQTB5AwEhYk16rmxa_dzp7DtirOJvwKjzt1ntWI9S5CfbRtY9oGwL5rB3mIz-Jpg7LnDnREQe43I4mI2bxvL1e1x4y9rDrdnIV7Aiq2E6bvEQS/s320/Gawain_taxidermy+arsenic+XRF+images_02.jpg" width="248" /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdaPvEKTD1OM2WEAxOuMI0dWrXNbdeVEH5iagRNBt-37_x2L4qixu4iZ0oqZYvHxR0OZXUnSS1YX06PMSPZ7haCglnDYyIZNcXUxjTOUjT_qNwmxDmotPp8U2WbgeiypG0QwLpqcgcn-W/s1600/Dusky+Footed+Wood+Rat+with+Arsenic.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="233" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhbdaPvEKTD1OM2WEAxOuMI0dWrXNbdeVEH5iagRNBt-37_x2L4qixu4iZ0oqZYvHxR0OZXUnSS1YX06PMSPZ7haCglnDYyIZNcXUxjTOUjT_qNwmxDmotPp8U2WbgeiypG0QwLpqcgcn-W/s400/Dusky+Footed+Wood+Rat+with+Arsenic.png" width="400" /></a><br />
<br />
Last year we took the Bruker III-V+ on the road to analyze a taxidermy collection for the presence (and hopefully absence) of arsenic. Arsenic compounds are used as pigments, pesticides, and insecticides, so their presence in cultural heritage materials is not uncommon. Due to the high toxicity of arsenic it is often necessary to test collections to verify that they can be safely handled. The use of portable XRF units such as the Bruker II-V+ in the identification of heavy metal compounds in museum collections began in the late 1990s, and is now the standard method for such analyses. Arsenic has been used in the preparation of natural history specimens going back to the early 1800s and was used even as late as the 1980s, so its presence is possible in nearly every collection. One of the most common uses of arsenic in taxidermy preparation was arsenical soap composed of the white powder arsenic trioxide mixed with soap, subcarbonate of potash, camphor, and alcohol. The resulting paste was applied to the inside of the animal and bird skins, and readily comes through the skins to the surface where it can be transferred to human hands or contaminate other objects it contacts.<br />
<br />
The analysis can be done literally handheld and once the parameters are established analysis can proceed at a rate of about 1 object every 5 minutes. The XRF spectra shown on the right shows a definite peak for arsenic found on a dusky footed wood rat. The presence of other compounds containing mercury or lead can also be important in some collections and can be detected at the same time.<br />
<br />
For further information, see chapter 9 "Handheld XRF use in the identification of heavy metal pesticides in ethnographic collections" in Shugar, Aaron N. and Jennifer L. Mass. 2012. <i>Handheld XRF for art and archaeology</i>.Gawainhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08372910093486243022noreply@blogger.com018 Greenfield Avenue, San Anselmo, CA 94960, USA37.9763048 -122.560906837.976255800000004 -122.5609858 37.9763538 -122.5608278tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-78413460673440081022013-01-04T15:57:00.000-08:002013-05-20T11:38:55.099-07:00The Traditional Cyanotype<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">The cyanotype process was invented by Sir John
Herschel in 1842. Herschel's process became the first successful non-silver printing method and the first photographic process
to be used for scientific illustration. In
publications – such as Anna Atkins’ <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">British
Algae: Cyanotype Impressions</i> – cyanotypes easily recorded photograms of
botanical specimens.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> The intensity of the blue color in cyanotypes, however, is</span> not ideal for certain subjects such as portraiture or landscape. Thus, the
process never became popular for pictorial purposes.</span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">Traditionally, a cyanotype is created by coating
paper with a sensitizer composed of ferric ammonium citrate and potassium
ferricyanide exposing the sensitized paper, and processing the resulting print.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The process is non-toxic, simple and
cheap.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once the sensitized paper is
contact printed with a negative (about thirty minutes), the paper is placed in
a tray of water to process the final image.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The water washes away the ferricyanide and “soluble” Prussian blue</span><span style="line-height: 115%;">; the “insoluble” Prussian
blue </span>left behind<span style="line-height: 115%;"> forms the image.</span><span style="line-height: 115%;"> Although cyanotypes are best known for their
traditional blue color, prints have been toned to gray, reddish brown, black,
violet, and green.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The Prussian blue
color, however, remains more permanent over time than any known toning method.</span> </span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq2oiVOx2Yt76ReiQc57Ea2-LcsuIyT8tL_J7WvgbDvN3wdSmZtYMoMkA5Zuz12wWQTK_n4bKMMTbWf9i-romVOobIcIZ4OJxMv9rpxC7rtionwQve2WZ5Cr0L-4bAPaBGofsJKf3VQQm1/s1600/Cyanotypes+1-3+Marjorie.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiq2oiVOx2Yt76ReiQc57Ea2-LcsuIyT8tL_J7WvgbDvN3wdSmZtYMoMkA5Zuz12wWQTK_n4bKMMTbWf9i-romVOobIcIZ4OJxMv9rpxC7rtionwQve2WZ5Cr0L-4bAPaBGofsJKf3VQQm1/s400/Cyanotypes+1-3+Marjorie.jpg" width="221" /></a></span></div>
<br />
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">The three prints of Marjorie demonstrate a significant decrease in iron (Fe) concentration when comparing areas of high density to areas of low density. </span></span><span style="font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">This is consistent with the presence
of Prussian blue Fe<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>3</sub>. The
calcium (Ca) peaks remain unchanged because the calcium is most likely found in
the paper support.</span></span>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">These prints of Marjorie are still in very good condition. Cyanotypes are, however, subject to fade over time if exposed to light or alkaline substances for extended periods. In order to maintain the image integrity, a cyanotype can be moved into the
dark.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> When removed from the light</span>, the air will oxidize the white </span><span style="line-height: 115%;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">ferrous ferrocyanide to blue ferric
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many other
photographic processes, cyanotypes are also not susceptible to acid
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;">Cyanotypes started to be commercially produced by 1872 and then primarily became used for making copies of technical drawings.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> The mass production of these drawings became known as</span> “blueprints.”<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Eventually, after the invention of paper photocopying, the use of cyanotypes in the commercial sector ceased.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><span style="line-height: 115%;">An improvement to Herschel's original process was introduced by chemist Dr. Mike Ware in the late 20th century.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ware's process is more sensitive
to light, has a wider density range, and less time consuming.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Since the three cyanotypes
analyzed here were all prepared using the traditional method, this brief description of the new method will suffice.</span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: Times,"Times New Roman",serif; font-size: small;"><br /><br />References:<br /><br />Anna Atkins. N/A. The J. Paul Getty Trust. 4 January 2013 <http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=1542&page=1>. <br /><br />Kennel, Sarah, Diane Waggoner, and Alice Carver-Kubik. In the Darkroom: An Illustrated Guide to Photographic Processes before the Digital Age. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 2009. <br /><br />Farber, Richard. Historic Photographic Processes: A Guide to Creating Handmade Photographic Images. New York: Allsworth Press, 1998. <br /><br />The New Cyanotype Process. 2004. Mike Ware. 4 January 2013 <http://www.mikeware.co.uk/mikeware/New_Cyanotype_Process.html>. <br /><br />The Traditional Cyanotype Process. 2004. Mike Ware. 4 January 2013 <http://www.mikeware.co.uk/mikeware/Traditional_Cyanotype.html>. <br /><br />Ware, Mike. Cyanotype: The history, science, and art of photographic printing in Prussian blue. London: Science Museum, 1999. <br /><br />Webb, Randall and Martin Reed. Alternative Photographic Processes: A Working Guide for Image Makers. Rochester: Silver Pixel Press, 1999. </span><br />
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12532251832322385798noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-66461108242925467262012-11-29T17:08:00.001-08:002013-05-15T09:57:54.651-07:00The Autotype Company and their carbon/carbro prints<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Carbon prints were patented by Joseph Wilson
Swan in 1864. Swan began the Autotype Company in 1868 for the commercial
manufacture and distribution of carbon tissues. The sample book below was
published sometime during 1914-1923.</span></div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5S5o5tz4ku8m9iVXDs5FoPP5HL1YLX8hv_qyejSk_ejigLoNYoiTdwmpZRsD4O3qU7HpjayNCqWbs1B6xry8FvTn-weMduS4IOqiZLHEXjBiuR7iagRM-fP3g5CMe1ZC3e1roTvXjQyoZ/s1600/CarbonTissues_Cover,Front.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg5S5o5tz4ku8m9iVXDs5FoPP5HL1YLX8hv_qyejSk_ejigLoNYoiTdwmpZRsD4O3qU7HpjayNCqWbs1B6xry8FvTn-weMduS4IOqiZLHEXjBiuR7iagRM-fP3g5CMe1ZC3e1roTvXjQyoZ/s640/CarbonTissues_Cover,Front.jpg" width="505" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWdXcm7QdzDp1-eTrH3B2wEXuZwZ6CNwJKVMyM36cIV4T1J6zoQSM-9QC7waaz3orH7etwSNNf3afrFaXpzWC2YGdpU3Wjgz7cSWrFIjka4clUmHEQ5DGQ_fQSh2DFAKqJ5woUk2IOjlNE/s1600/CarbonTissues_No.+170-504.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWdXcm7QdzDp1-eTrH3B2wEXuZwZ6CNwJKVMyM36cIV4T1J6zoQSM-9QC7waaz3orH7etwSNNf3afrFaXpzWC2YGdpU3Wjgz7cSWrFIjka4clUmHEQ5DGQ_fQSh2DFAKqJ5woUk2IOjlNE/s640/CarbonTissues_No.+170-504.jpg" width="502" /></a></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">Carbon
printing is a tonally rich process in which non-photographic paper is coated
with a gelatin emulsion (mixed with pigment).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This sheet, known as the carbon tissue, is soaked in a solution of potassium
dichromate and dried.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Once dry, the sensitized
tissue is contact printed with a negative.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This contact printing process causes the dichromated gelatin to harden in proportion
to the light intensity.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> Sections</span> which receive more light will harden completely; alternatively, sections that receive
less light will remain soft. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;">The
exposed tissue is then soaked in cold water and placed in contact with a receiving
paper (coated with a layer of gelatin).<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>The papers are pressed together and soaked in hot water.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>While soaking, the carbon tissue backing is
gently peeled away, leaving the dichromated gelatin exposed to the hot water solution.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Unhardened gelatin is then removed by the
solution, producing a positive image to develop on the receiving paper.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>As a result, a
printed carbon tissue will never exhibit a completely flat surface.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Carbon print, unlike many traditional silver-based photographic
processes, display strong image permanence and are not susceptible to atmospheric exposure or fading.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">A similar method called the carbro
printing process was introduced in 1905.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>This method, as with the carbon process, relies on pigmented sheets
of dichromated gelatin. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>The major difference between these two processes is that the carbro method uses a bromide print – instead of sunlight exposure – to chemically react with the tissue and cause the gelatin to harden.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></span></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">By comparing the spectra below, one can observe how some elements are conserved from one toning process to the next. These spectra do not identify whether the Autotype Company produced the tissues using the </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">monochromatic</span></span> carbon or carbro printing process. </span></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></div>
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmzVLUcy0pmNLYv1KybJk0IAgDAirkONjrNdkyqVmLNynYFtQ8hdDMxNpNZhby9X9Y18fZW4Mriuc3NJk5Pr8d8o5WGrYk-RSAZyMhKWy49G7wIs90V1LRrtdd1_UYyokyXF70EAuwOVYB/s1600/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay02_Carbon_No.170-(Trichrome-Yellow)_red-filter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="196" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjmzVLUcy0pmNLYv1KybJk0IAgDAirkONjrNdkyqVmLNynYFtQ8hdDMxNpNZhby9X9Y18fZW4Mriuc3NJk5Pr8d8o5WGrYk-RSAZyMhKWy49G7wIs90V1LRrtdd1_UYyokyXF70EAuwOVYB/s320/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay02_Carbon_No.170-(Trichrome-Yellow)_red-filter.jpg" width="320" /></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">As was mentioned previously, the yellow pigment resides in a dichromated layer of gelatin. </span>The maximum density (yellow) in the tissue is thicker than the minimum density (white); unhardened gelatin was washed away in the minimum density areas. The spectrum shows maximum density to have more chromium (Cr) than minimum density. The data also presents a significant reduction in lead (Pb) concentrations from maximum to minimum densities. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small;">The pigment used for thi<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">s toning process could be litharge or Naples yellow. Litharge contains (PbO) and is a pigment used since before 1300. </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";">Naples yellow contains</span></span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> [Pb<sub>3</sub>(SbO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>] </span></span> and started being used as a pigment in 1610.</span><br /> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkedk458CWLcqfgYeHUlTxpKTBbd_6-2pdjJyt8yJxqfiim7ImPNzEPVemG86Zz5wl5dYXvpInexSQs0xqu3nl48cS8a_yNBObn7zblDpvNk7LxzkLf2TzzfJwG-OJkZ1qsdy342ifRv83/s1600/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay03_Carbon_No.172-(Trichrome-Red)_red-filter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkedk458CWLcqfgYeHUlTxpKTBbd_6-2pdjJyt8yJxqfiim7ImPNzEPVemG86Zz5wl5dYXvpInexSQs0xqu3nl48cS8a_yNBObn7zblDpvNk7LxzkLf2TzzfJwG-OJkZ1qsdy342ifRv83/s320/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay03_Carbon_No.172-(Trichrome-Red)_red-filter.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
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<![endif]--><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Some
spectra do not demonstrate a significant change between maximum and minimum
densities.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In the spectrum overlay on
the left, this lack of change could be a result of organic materials used in
the red pigment. The </span><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">nickel (Ni) and rhodium (Rh) peaks found in all
four prints are generated by the XRF instrument.</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKbNXd6imt892SFAyoB1mDNwtnh64twHknkk4Z3yVTkl9nvDqsIW48nOBbj0grQB1a5-fCExkwvhjEoC-SfxuxKeKzetfz25TF2p3tnXOh10YNdUfDvPQ6bcoXiTe0q1GR1t-9xVbmXrCg/s1600/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay03_Carbon_No.173-(Trichrome-Blue)_red-filter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="199" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgKbNXd6imt892SFAyoB1mDNwtnh64twHknkk4Z3yVTkl9nvDqsIW48nOBbj0grQB1a5-fCExkwvhjEoC-SfxuxKeKzetfz25TF2p3tnXOh10YNdUfDvPQ6bcoXiTe0q1GR1t-9xVbmXrCg/s320/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay03_Carbon_No.173-(Trichrome-Blue)_red-filter.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small;">There are two peaks to focus on when looking at this spectrum: iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn). The iron peak is significantly larger in the maximum density. The pigment used in the image could be Prussian blue. Prussian blue contains</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif";"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> Fe<sub>4</sub>[Fe(CN)<sub>6</sub>]<sub>3</sub></span> and started </span>being used as a pigment in 1850. The zinc peak is larger in the minimum density. This can be attributed to the presence of zinc in the paper support. The maximum density are will have a thicker layer of hardened gelatin, and the zinc peak, therefore, appears smaller on the spectrum.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small;"><br /> </span><span style="font-size: small;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<span style="font-size: small;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7fYBHslPxJNIfcbhZO07TwwE03ueCRrlqSwW7w8jWe_Gspc7RnQfhyphenhyphencDpwwWq5h7Pduco0zVr0eL6ItFyF0nMKq6vgvEv6sBtEEjvrCnpQxRKN0MterUMfHWInREqKb1xBJAQolduIaoF/s1600/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay02_Carbon_No.504-(Cool-Brown)_red-filter.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh7fYBHslPxJNIfcbhZO07TwwE03ueCRrlqSwW7w8jWe_Gspc7RnQfhyphenhyphencDpwwWq5h7Pduco0zVr0eL6ItFyF0nMKq6vgvEv6sBtEEjvrCnpQxRKN0MterUMfHWInREqKb1xBJAQolduIaoF/s320/GWAC_25102012_Dmax-Dmin+Overlay02_Carbon_No.504-(Cool-Brown)_red-filter.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></div>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">In addition to the elements already identified in the previous spectra, the final spectrum identifies barium (Ba) and strontium (St) to be present. Barium sulfate (</span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</xml><![endif]--></span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><span style="font-family: ""serif"","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">BaSO<sub>4</sub></span>) is found in the baryta layer of many photographs. Baryta is used as a paper coating under the emulsion; the purpose of a baryta layer is to cover the fibrous texture of the paper. </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: small; line-height: 115%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">Strontium is commonly found in spectra displaying barium peaks because the two elements naturally form compounds.<br /> </span></span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: small;">References:</span><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">History</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2010.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>MacDermid Autotype.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>29 November
2012 <http://www.macdermidautotype.com/about/overlays/history#timeline-milestone_3003>.</span></span></div>
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Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12532251832322385798noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-90678703288097398512012-10-18T16:49:00.000-07:002012-11-16T13:34:39.810-08:00Spectral Analysis of Two Orotones<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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A positive image produced on a glass plate with a gold-tone
pigment applied to the plate’s emulsion side over the developed image is known
as an orotone, and is a photographic process that was most prominent during the
late 19<sup>th</sup> century through the 1940’s, during a time when the
aesthetic use of bronze power pigments in works of art and décor was prevalent.
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Due to high cost, gold was never used as a backing pigment, and bronze pigment mixtures with copper and zinc metals were used instead. The color tone of the pigmented backing material is dependent on the amounts of copper and zinc in the mixture, as more copper will exhibit a truer bronze tone, and the more zinc added will shift the color to a luminous yellow-gold tone.<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7074681045340593718#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 12pt;">[1]</span></span></span></a> With their high degree of reflectivity, transparency and brilliant gold tone, orotones (also known as Curt-tones, Doretypes, and goldtones) seem to exude the appearance of a varnished painting rather than a photograph. <o:p></o:p></div>
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The photographic collection at GWAC contains two orotones; one with a positive image on a glass plate, and the other image resides on a polymer film. Using the Bruker Tracer III-V+ XRF spectrometer, both pigmented backing materials were analyzed in order to determine their elemental compositions.</div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5kuaXKr4pWF-Y7_DeRV-QoiO97e2IoIrV7-6y4TAwSozr8y0RRAKiV_Y4wmfdjUcwHA45kTw8suSnnwVQOedqsCXxiCOJFJfyIbKQMp7YckzzMhGkFqPp-U0H9dbO7MT1An_oTFkwew4/s1600/Moonlight+on+the+Lake001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5kuaXKr4pWF-Y7_DeRV-QoiO97e2IoIrV7-6y4TAwSozr8y0RRAKiV_Y4wmfdjUcwHA45kTw8suSnnwVQOedqsCXxiCOJFJfyIbKQMp7YckzzMhGkFqPp-U0H9dbO7MT1An_oTFkwew4/s200/Moonlight+on+the+Lake001.jpg" width="140" /> </a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjFbp745uC-h_2GLv9RMAO2zV9bU8vUvkmai5SV_XgIv9VhjAxrsCT5RosznToJtN719Gg4G3NGZS_-3CBMBG-ZdQq_DfBYNl3p_NejLBlU3RPAVXi44J4UzdIMKjJhwtn_flxE5t8V1Q/s1600/Moonlight+on+the+Lake002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; display: inline !important; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjFbp745uC-h_2GLv9RMAO2zV9bU8vUvkmai5SV_XgIv9VhjAxrsCT5RosznToJtN719Gg4G3NGZS_-3CBMBG-ZdQq_DfBYNl3p_NejLBlU3RPAVXi44J4UzdIMKjJhwtn_flxE5t8V1Q/s200/Moonlight+on+the+Lake002.jpg" width="138" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWMbDmrOFl1VrJt9HSYn6bmkvKzgEQitmbwdKQBzRByLDjOpF9xkjQMxICNZU3McYycHrpWwcoo988AgCqWBmwfMAVwqW0oB37kPWJE8LROZiapfOTU2IxSSKvtrpJyb1_5MDou53wg9U/s1600/Moonlight+on+the+Lake+orotone+pigment.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="201" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgWMbDmrOFl1VrJt9HSYn6bmkvKzgEQitmbwdKQBzRByLDjOpF9xkjQMxICNZU3McYycHrpWwcoo988AgCqWBmwfMAVwqW0oB37kPWJE8LROZiapfOTU2IxSSKvtrpJyb1_5MDou53wg9U/s320/Moonlight+on+the+Lake+orotone+pigment.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>“#4 Moonlight on the Lake” (stamped in red ink on the back
of the frame containing the orotone):</b> The positive image is on a traditional glass plate and has a
bright yellow sheen within the backing pigment.
Elements of zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were detected, and originate from
the brass pigment. Interestingly,
arsenic (As) is also a detected element, and originates from the glass rather than from the pigment. Silver (Ag) and strontium
(Sr) elements are also included in the spectrum, and are components within the
photographic image.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN00ymWf_lehFh3mhkDHeK0iU4OocFAq34mNi8dy846Fk8szs8oL2wFvrfcegp8xVhmov6lltrNlKvpYcPG-k7TlfDXnRuWmMM5MrPMNHpFV747MQ-0PX-mjTE-MFoqGEjXifBwP9aMfE/s1600/Cliffside+Orotone001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="140" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjN00ymWf_lehFh3mhkDHeK0iU4OocFAq34mNi8dy846Fk8szs8oL2wFvrfcegp8xVhmov6lltrNlKvpYcPG-k7TlfDXnRuWmMM5MrPMNHpFV747MQ-0PX-mjTE-MFoqGEjXifBwP9aMfE/s200/Cliffside+Orotone001.jpg" width="200" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirhwEdPlg5yz584KSJtrQJ9uDPy4lT9CrPmV75CWKwlTg87-UuOGG3Bew1zwnddXtQbP_T7KhJwygEeVcGZgTt0nGnt196SGJe4FoM-DAY-OT-oRO3gkctg7EsFowbugaCWPUsM67x-wE/s1600/Cliffside+Orotone002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="138" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEirhwEdPlg5yz584KSJtrQJ9uDPy4lT9CrPmV75CWKwlTg87-UuOGG3Bew1zwnddXtQbP_T7KhJwygEeVcGZgTt0nGnt196SGJe4FoM-DAY-OT-oRO3gkctg7EsFowbugaCWPUsM67x-wE/s200/Cliffside+Orotone002.jpg" width="200" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd3j2dOCiPX0nqrZqXYkbVzJx1vtjIIq2hAd8bbxV2zKbFHvgLctLqLg1kuaPDSt119tVm2506fqjNKPQPaaklqIVemgHPyAvXD3BWQSZKTZA7M-uAecGzMyHoD-V2nVzACJkkvpsZIm0/s1600/Cliffside+Oro+Spectrum002.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgd3j2dOCiPX0nqrZqXYkbVzJx1vtjIIq2hAd8bbxV2zKbFHvgLctLqLg1kuaPDSt119tVm2506fqjNKPQPaaklqIVemgHPyAvXD3BWQSZKTZA7M-uAecGzMyHoD-V2nVzACJkkvpsZIm0/s320/Cliffside+Oro+Spectrum002.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: x-small;"><b>Cliffside Orotone:</b> This orotone consists of a positive image on a plastic film,
rather than the traditional glass support.
Due to the incorporation of the polymer support material, this orotone must
be more contemporary than “#4 Moonlight on the Lake”. Similar to the previous orotone, Cu and Zn peaks are observed, confirming that the pigment on the orotone's reverse is also a brass alloy. A silver peak from the image side is the only other element observed in the spectrum. </span></div>
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<!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><br clear="all" />
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<a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=7074681045340593718#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><!--[if !supportFootnotes]--><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS 明朝"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;">[1]</span></span><!--[endif]--></span></a>
<span style="font-size: 10.0pt;">Richard Stenman, “Initial Investigation into
Orotone Photographs”, <i>Topics in
Photographic Preservation, </i>Vol. 14 (Photographic Materials Group, The
American Institute for Conservation of Historic & Artistic Works), 2011,
268.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
</div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16435480586852993404noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-31225690184000918962012-10-18T13:58:00.001-07:002012-11-29T12:06:50.994-08:00The Broad Tonal Range of Platinum Prints<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQwDt1Ge_HVTlm_a_BBvceBUO94vQgOjR0nWUdaqq1jHtitI8b1jSh2UoILBJ6q95xrPilTphy_2Sz7zy4jpg5IA8LuL3uInqfwrwWCcMT_q28V5PAG__HZEYPvcmT122NTr-J24FCrc-N/s1600/Family-portrait-with-piano-and-string-instruments-(P_06_01).jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQwDt1Ge_HVTlm_a_BBvceBUO94vQgOjR0nWUdaqq1jHtitI8b1jSh2UoILBJ6q95xrPilTphy_2Sz7zy4jpg5IA8LuL3uInqfwrwWCcMT_q28V5PAG__HZEYPvcmT122NTr-J24FCrc-N/s320/Family-portrait-with-piano-and-string-instruments-(P_06_01).jpg" width="218" /></a></div>
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Spectrum 1</div>
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<div class="BasicText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Platinum prints are neutral
black with some brown present in the mid-tones.
The sensitizer for platinum prints consists of ferric oxalate and platinum salts. Upon
exposure to light<span style="letter-spacing: -.25pt;">, the ferric oxalate
reduces to ferrous oxalate. When the
paper is submerged in the developer, ferrous oxalate reacts with the platinum
salts. The platinum salts reduce to metallic
platinum and form</span> the resulting image. </span></div>
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<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></div>
<div class="BasicText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Compared to other
photographic processes, platinum is more resistant to deterioration because it
is chemically less active. </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">The greatest
concern facing platinum prints is the deterioration of the paper support (often
a result of insufficient clearing or washing). Residual iron (Fe) degrade the
cellulose in paper fibers and can lead to yellowing, foxing, decreased
contrast, and increased fragility. In Spectrum 1, </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">the platinum
(Pt) peaks decrease significantly from the areas of maximum (blue) to minimum (red) density.
Small peaks of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) are also present.</span></div>
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<div class="BasicText" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 16px;">In the spectra below, a gradual decrease of the platinum peaks can be observed. Spectrum 2 compares maximum (red) to middle (blue) density. Spectrum 3 compares middle (red) density to minimum (blue) density.</span></div>
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Spectrum 2</div>
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Spectrum 3</div>
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<br />Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/12532251832322385798noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-63625723796890898342012-10-13T14:33:00.000-07:002013-02-04T20:19:03.202-08:00Distinguishing a Carbon Tissue Print from a Woodburytype using X-Ray Fluorescence <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
Carbon tissue prints and Woodburytypes are two different
photographic processes, with each comprised of pigments suspended in a hardened
gelatin layer, and it is notoriously difficult to analytically discern one from the other. Both photomechanical processes require the
image to be transferred from a negative to a paper support, and as they lack
any of the major metallic elements observed in photographic materials, are primarily
pigment-based prints. <br />
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One difference
that separates the two process types is that carbon tissue prints require their
backing paper to be sensitized in a potassium dichromate solution before being
exposed to the light through the negative, leaving the print with a dichromated
gelatin layer. An image created from the
Woodburytype process does not retain a dichromated gelatin layer, as the final
image is made from pouring a liquefied gelatin (not dichromated) and pigment
mixture into a lead sheet mold of the image, which is then pressed into a sheet
of varnished paper. <o:p></o:p></div>
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<!--StartFragment--><b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Carbon Tissue Print – No. 94 Ivory Black</span></b><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">, from a 32-variety Colour Chart of Autotype
Carbon Tissues complied by The Autotype Company, London. (c. Late 19<sup>th</sup>
century). Red spectrum = Dmax, blue
spectrum = Dmin. A chromium (Cr) peak
set is observed in the spectrum, with the K</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">α</span><span style="font-family: Calibri; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> peak located at 5.4417 keV. The presence of chromium in the XRF spectrum
confirms the dichromated gelatin layer, an essential component of the carbon
tissue print.</span><!--EndFragment-->
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">Woodburytype – Miss
Attalie Claire</span></b><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-no-proof: yes;">, from “The Theatre”, February 1861. Photographed by Alfred Ellis, Upper Baker
Street, London.</span><span style="font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> Red spectrum = Dmax, blue spectrum =
Dmin. Unlike
the carbon tissue print spectrum, the Woodburytype lacks the chromium peak set,
and therefore does not have a dichromated gelatin layer. Lead (Pb) peaks are also present in the
spectrum, and stronger in signal than the paper support’s lead peaks. The presence of lead could be from the Woodburytype
photomechanical process, when the dimensional matrix of gelatin and pigment is
pressed into a lead sheet mold, creating an intaglio impression of the image. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<!--EndFragment-->Anonymoushttp://www.blogger.com/profile/16435480586852993404noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-12628657985896056252012-09-15T14:11:00.001-07:002013-07-26T14:10:30.623-07:00The Green Hues of an Iodide-based Gelatin Silver Print<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNv-y9BRtv0njrLeD4QgCOuaGROctPxs-EYtDUnhUltTsCiV8tF0Aw_cwasLVa2gcTaZQiDt5SI-I_7_Joknp6RSTUSfK89FbGtIxHxDFkdskMpK0S5tyuq05-r2kuaVPefHrsZi3Qok5u/s1600/Green-Nickel-Toned-Gelatin-Silver-print-web-1500.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="215" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNv-y9BRtv0njrLeD4QgCOuaGROctPxs-EYtDUnhUltTsCiV8tF0Aw_cwasLVa2gcTaZQiDt5SI-I_7_Joknp6RSTUSfK89FbGtIxHxDFkdskMpK0S5tyuq05-r2kuaVPefHrsZi3Qok5u/s320/Green-Nickel-Toned-Gelatin-Silver-print-web-1500.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifi_tUsLOmj2RdgNkV7uGr629VgI7lMY7ShulMnUT-VO9vqQuOqHhF6lJv_ShFKhC6PvrJt3kdgbfYJltSnrF8SOU1iVe6fM6HDs6sMN3Rm9fcqtm5zQQ8wYRKXevximjdEQU5eOdYlesJ/s1600/XRF-wave-1500.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifi_tUsLOmj2RdgNkV7uGr629VgI7lMY7ShulMnUT-VO9vqQuOqHhF6lJv_ShFKhC6PvrJt3kdgbfYJltSnrF8SOU1iVe6fM6HDs6sMN3Rm9fcqtm5zQQ8wYRKXevximjdEQU5eOdYlesJ/s320/XRF-wave-1500.png" width="320" /></a></div>
The deep green hue of this gelatin silver print is unusual and is outside the range of what is generally possible by selection of papers and developers, so we used XRF analysis to dig a little deeper. Other than the usual gelatin silver prints suspects (silver, barium, and strontium) the only other peak is a very small peak at about 7.48KeV, just right for the K-alpha peak of Nickel. At first we thought we had discovered a new nickel-based toner, but soon realized that the nickel peak is due to internal components of the portable XRF unit, so it appears that while unusual the green is not the result of toning but rather an unusual paper. After a little research we found this article on green-hued prints: <a href="http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Green/green.html">http://unblinkingeye.com/Articles/Green/green.html</a>. It seems that silver-iodide based gelatin silver prints sometimes show this green tonality. The early 20th century subject matter fits with the iodide papers available at that time. Gawainhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08372910093486243022noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-11733887086712467642012-09-07T13:57:00.000-07:002012-09-15T14:30:31.038-07:00Mercury-Intensified Cellulose Nitrate Negative<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEcB52Zos43vamvU4nT85Bq8cyycreB5-vcEbXLRE59oBCWQYcY0xuF5GATp7apvwoWfOd2zoh0w8ZhvPAjhPOEXQEAE_ZgcWRw9GneH-2TKWK5wQ4hupeFeHeF5Ej9y9InFyUOOBGWmjK/s1600/Hg+-+Intensified+Negative.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="235" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiEcB52Zos43vamvU4nT85Bq8cyycreB5-vcEbXLRE59oBCWQYcY0xuF5GATp7apvwoWfOd2zoh0w8ZhvPAjhPOEXQEAE_ZgcWRw9GneH-2TKWK5wQ4hupeFeHeF5Ej9y9InFyUOOBGWmjK/s320/Hg+-+Intensified+Negative.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG2vX4sE5BJkXO97MtENVV6wOxDRi5CV83PgBnD3hsS-eervrD4Ukg8jWiOF2OiFKWvAphyphenhyphenKJx144VKjRE43seiYPL-yk-6YIyo5Py8eyL-ByWEDVnMraqivE5gRatS8280Jl6xEcHzOTb/s1600/Mercury+intensified+negative+XRF+speectra.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="188" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiG2vX4sE5BJkXO97MtENVV6wOxDRi5CV83PgBnD3hsS-eervrD4Ukg8jWiOF2OiFKWvAphyphenhyphenKJx144VKjRE43seiYPL-yk-6YIyo5Py8eyL-ByWEDVnMraqivE5gRatS8280Jl6xEcHzOTb/s320/Mercury+intensified+negative+XRF+speectra.png" width="320" /></a></div>
Although exceedingly poisonous, mercury salts were used in various formulations by photographers for the intensification of negatives in the 19th century and well into the 20th century. If a negative was underexposed and needed more density in order to make a good print, intensification was one of the best alternatives. Mercury intensification also generally led to fading of the negative over time. This faded 4"x5" cellulose nitrate negative had the faded and slightly yellow quality of an intensified negative (though sometimes they are a more brilliant yellow color), so we confirmed our suspicions with XRF analysis. The presence of mercury (Hg) is confirmed by mercury's L-alpha peak at 9.99KeV. More on this after further analysis.Gawainhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08372910093486243022noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-7074681045340593718.post-55920567115574960972012-09-01T14:22:00.000-07:002012-09-15T14:30:12.639-07:00The Iron-Toned Blues<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikM2nY-_bRR24l7Yh6UbLX59rdjMSBH0FAPi6XdczsVJ00B8PWOIwnTZiIr80aVd05R4ligaCmuMRF3hYaEMcjw92UuzSA-5laoquzL6a_hKDjHdZhPLMjJ7CqGlkYS1xw9WV0q9tAJGvJ/s1600/blue-toned+gelatin+silver+print+XRF+spectra.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikM2nY-_bRR24l7Yh6UbLX59rdjMSBH0FAPi6XdczsVJ00B8PWOIwnTZiIr80aVd05R4ligaCmuMRF3hYaEMcjw92UuzSA-5laoquzL6a_hKDjHdZhPLMjJ7CqGlkYS1xw9WV0q9tAJGvJ/s320/blue-toned+gelatin+silver+print+XRF+spectra.png" width="320" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpfFG6xc7ehpyVJoKzNoBiU_eDUlD5TdM1B5otNG8fOOq_fdVv1QT5fe2_9DZLuV37C6h8Ko8WuyyjHGmkH9mm9WJxXHagGSU2lDXeiZ1T_blFVCnRgNqMwq_aIhXf7Y4XXCZcdafyw0M0/s1600/Iron-toned+gelatin+silver+print.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpfFG6xc7ehpyVJoKzNoBiU_eDUlD5TdM1B5otNG8fOOq_fdVv1QT5fe2_9DZLuV37C6h8Ko8WuyyjHGmkH9mm9WJxXHagGSU2lDXeiZ1T_blFVCnRgNqMwq_aIhXf7Y4XXCZcdafyw0M0/s320/Iron-toned+gelatin+silver+print.png" width="320" /></a></div>
The iron-based toners for use on gelatin silver prints bear a striking similarity to the chemistry of cyanotypes, which explains the nearly identical range of blues found in iron-toned gelatin silver prints and cyanotypes. The blue of the cyanotype was an often derided color, so it's not surprising that the blue toners were seldom used. Other than this 5" x 7" found at a flea market, the only iron-toned gelatin silver prints we are familiar with are those made by Edward Curtis during his Hollywood years in the 1920s, typically film stills or Aphrodite imagery.Gawainhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/08372910093486243022noreply@blogger.com0